The International Forum for Logotherapy, 1994, 17/1, 61-63.

Adams, S., & Waskel, S. (1991). Comparisons of purpose in life scores between alcoholics with early and later onset. Psychological Reports, 69, 837-838.--Did not find PIL test differences between a group of early-onset alcoholics and a group of late onset alcoholics. Did find differences between the data of this study and the data from two previous studies by other researchers of alcoholics' PIL test scores.

Denne, J., & Thompson, N. (1991). The experience of transition to meaning and purpose in life. Journal of Phenomenological Psychology, 22, 109-133.--In a study employing university students, five elements were identified in the structure of transitioning from meaninglessness to meaningfulness: a) acceptance of personal responsibility, b) integration of resisted aspects of experience, c) congruence between personal meanings and experience, d) decision/choice turning points, and e) increased balance of self in relation to the world. Additionally, idiosyncratic content was experienced as essential.

Drebing, C., & Gooden, W. (1991). The impact of the dream of mental health functioning in the male midlife transition. International Journal of Aging and Human Development, 32, 277-287.--The mental health status (purpose in life, anxiety, depression) of midlife men was significantly related to whether or not the individual had a personal dream for his life and the degree to which he perceived success in achieving it.

Dukes, R., Johnson, R., & Newton, H. (1991). Long-term effects of travel and study: The Semester at Sea Program. Psychological Reports, 68, 563-570.--Examines individuals 10 years after they participated The Semester at Sea Program. Subjects showed a global perspective and high PIL test scores. Those who had become parents showed additional discovery of meaning.

Ebersole, P., & Humphreys, P. (1991). The Short Index of self-actualization and purpose in life. Psychological Reports, 69, 550.--The Short Index of Self-Actualization was positively and significantly correlated with the PIL test.

Ebersole, P., & Quiring, G. (1991). Meaning in life depth: The MILD. Journal of Humanistic Psychology, 31, 113-124.--Discusses, and provides some scoring examples for, the Meaning In Life Depth (MILD) rating system. The directions for the MILD essentially ask that an individual discuss his/her current life-meaning and describe a concrete experience related to this meaning. MILD ratings and PIL scores do not appear to be related.

Kass, J., Friedman, R., Leserman, J., et al. (1991). An inventory of positive psychological attitudes with potential relevance to health outcomes: Validation and preliminary testing. Behavioral Medicine, 17, 121-129.--Describes the Inventory of Positive Psychological Attitudes, which has potential use in health studies. The inventory scales tap: a) life-purpose/satisfaction, and b) self-confidence in stressful situations. Changes on the instrument correlated positively with changes in health status in chronic pain patients.

Kass, J., Friedman, R., & Leserman, J. (1991). Health outcomes and a new index of spiritual experience . Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 30, 203-211.--Developed an Index of Core Spiritual Experience. Data showed a positive relationship between the Index and: a) life-purpose, b) satisfaction, and c) a health-promoting attitude. A negative relationship was shown between the Index and frequency of medical symptoms.

Lantz, J., & Harper, K. (1991). Using poetry in logotherapy. Arts in Psychotherapy, 18 , 341-345.--Outlines ways that poetry can be employed in logotherapy to facilitate meaning awareness. Includes examples of poems.

Lorenzen-Huber, L. (1991). Self-perceived creativity in the later years: Case studies of older Nebraskans . Educational Gerontology, 17, 379-390.--In a study of the creative lives of 20 elderly persons, it was found that creativity could help the elderly find life-meaning, find life-satisfaction, and achieve developmental tasks.

Magen, Z., & Aharoni, R. (1991). Adolescents' contributing toward others: Relationship to positive experiences and transpersonal commitment. Journal of Humanistic Psychology, 31, 126-143.--Ability to experience life-meaning and happiness was greater for a group of adolescents who were involved in community service than for a group of their peers who were not participating in such activities.

McShane, F., Lawless, J., & Noonan, B. (1991). Personal meaning in the lives of a shoplifting population . International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 35, 190-204.--Shoplifters, who were administered the PIL test immediately after they were apprehended, had lower meaning and purpose in life scores than a group of non-shoplifters.

Oles, P. (1991). Value crisis: Measurement and personality correlates. Polish Psychological Bulletin, 22, 53-64.--A 25-item Value Crisis Questionnaire was developed and correlated with the PIL test. Additional data suggest that a values crisis is a combination of: a) difficulties in hierarchical organization of values, b) sense of values loss, c) disintegration of the process of valuing, and d) sense of not actualizing values.

Richards, D. (1991). The phenomenology and psychological correlates of verbal prayer. Journal of Psychology and Theology, 19, 354-363.--Data from 345 subjects showed that the intensity of prayer experiences were positively correlated with purpose in life and internal locus of control.

Tweed, S., & Ryff, C. (1991). Adult children of alcoholics: Profiles of wellness amidst distress . Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 52, 133-141.--Within a larger investigation, there was not a statistically significant difference between adult children of alcoholics and a comparison group on PIL test scores.

Ulmer, A., Range, L., & Smith, P. (1991). Purpose in life: A moderator of recovery from bereavement . Omega: Journal of Death and Dying, 23, 279-289.--In a study of recently bereaved adults, life-purpose was associated with greater life-satisfaction, stronger reasons for living, more social support, less impact of bereavement, and better recovery from bereavement.

Viswanathan, R. (1991). Helping patients cope with the loss of a renal transplant. Loss, Grief, and Care, 5, 103-113.--Discusses the stressors faced by patients when kidney transplants subsequently fail, including: a) readaptation to dialysis, b) loss of object of attachment, c) feelings of guilt and failure, d) uncertainty, e) hospitalization, and f) loss of control. Several coping skills are suggested, including searching for meaning in life and finding meaning in what has happened.

The International Forum for Logotherapy, 1994, 17/2, 123-125.

Bergin, A. [285 Comprehensive Clinic, Brigham Young U., Provo, Utah 84602 USA] (1991). Values and religious issues in psychotherapy and mental health. American Psychologist, 46, 394-403.

Reviews scientific literature and concludes that there is recent increased support for addressing values issues in psychotherapy. Concludes additionally that there is increased openness to the potentialities of religious involvement in treatment. Offers cautions and guidelines. Suggests education in values and religious issues in the training of clinicians. (75 references)

Beutler, L. [Graduate School of Education, U. of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106 USA], & Bergan, J. (1991). Value change in counseling and psychotherapy: A search for scientific credibility. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 38, 16-24.

Pursues the issue of the potential influences on psychotherapy of similarities/differences in client-counselor values. A variety of results and researchable questions emerge. (45 references)

Frankl, V. (1991). Paradoxical intention. In G. R. Weeks (Ed.), Promoting change through paradoxical therapy (rev. ed., pp. 99-110). NY: Brunner/Mazel.

Haugen, M. [Upper Mississippi Mental Health Center, Bemidji, Minnesota USA], Tyler, J., & Clark, J. (1991). Mental health values of psychotherapists: How psychologists, psychiatrists, psychoanalysts, and social workers conceptualize good mental health. Counseling and Values, 36, 24-36.

This research used the Mental Health Values Questionnaire (a 99-item instrument scored on eight dimensions of emotional adjustment). Results in general showed considerable agreement among psychotherapists on values that may be associated positively with "mental health," though some differences were seen between the professions, genders, and geographic areas. (19 references)

Horley, J. [Dept. of Psychology, Queen's U., Kingston, Ontario, Canada K7L 3N6] (1991). Values and beliefs as personal constructs. International Journal of Personal Construct Psychology, 4, 1-14.

Describes "values" and "beliefs" from the perspective of Kelly's Personal Construct Theory. Argues that values are core constructs while beliefs are peripheral constructs. Methodological suggestions are offered, including use of the repertory grid in the assessment of values and beliefs. (43 references)

Laihinen, A. [Pinarintie, SF-29250 Nakkila, Finland] (1991). Assessment of psychiatric and psychosocial factors disposing to chronic outcome of dermatoses. Acta Dermato-venereologica, 156, 46-48.

Lantz, J. [6641 High St., Suite 200, Worthington, Ohio 43085 USA] (1991). Existential reflection in marital therapy with Vietnam veterans. Journal of Couples Therapy, 1, 81-88.

Discusses repression from a Franklian point of view. Uses case studies of marital therapy with Vietnam veterans to demonstrate Franklian treatment of the effects of repressed terror. (14 references)

Lantz, J. [6641 High St., Suite 200, Worthington, Ohio 43085 USA] (1991). Franklian treatment with Vietnam veteran couples. Journal of Religion and Health, 30, 131-138.

Discusses Franklian treatment of the effects of repressed terror. Provides outcome data (including PIL test results) for 23 Vietnam Veteran couples. (28 references)

Richards, D. [Atlantic U., P.O.Box 595, Virginia Beach, Virginia 23451 USA] (1991). The phenomenology and psychological correlates of verbal prayer. Journal of Psychology and Theology, 19, 354-363.

Within a study of characteristics of prayer, the intensity of prayer was positively correlated with purpose in life (PIL test). (40 references)

Roberts, G. [North Devon District Hospital, Barnstaple, England] (1991). Delusional belief systems and meaning in life: A preferred reality? British Journal of Psychiatry, 159 (14), 19-28.

Provides a model of delusion formation. Presents research (using the PIL test and a life regard index) that suggests delusions can be experienced as adaptive/satisfying to some persons with psychosis.

VandeCreek, L. [Dept. of Pastoral Care, Ohio State U., Columbus, Ohio 43210 USA], & Smith, D. (1991). The spiritual well-being and need of parishioners. Journal of Religion & Health, 30, 299-309.

Used the PIL test, SONG test, and Spiritual Wellbeing Scale in a study of spiritual well-being and need of healthy and ill parishioners. (8 references)

Wassermann, S. [Simon Fraser U., Faculty of Education, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada] (1991). Louis E. Raths theories of empowerment. Childhood Education, 67, 235-239.

Discusses Raths' needs theory, values theory, and thinking theory as means of empowering children. (Raths' values theory suggests some maladaptive behaviors result from lack of clear values or purposefulness in one's life; and values awareness can lead to increased purposefulness in behavior.) Suggests teaching strategies offered in Raths' theories could improve the quality of life in schools. (36 references)

Wilson, D. [Dept. of Psychology, U. of Zimbabwe, P.O.Box MP 167, Mount Pleasant, Harare, Zimbabwe], Sibanda, P., & Torris, C. (1991). Values of Zimbabwean and United States students. Journal of Social Psychology, 131, 443-445.

Showed value differences between Zimbabwean and United States students using the Rokeach Value Survey. (8 references)